In contrast to the overall reducing trend in the incidence of SPADs, that relating to 'starting against signal' SPADs had remained broadly constant. This study reviewed the use of the driver-set and Automatic Warning System (AWS) -activated Driver's Reminder Appliance (DRA) systems, which are designed to help prevent such SPADs. It evaluated their effectiveness, and developed strategies to standardise the use of the driver-set DRA. The findings suggested that the majority of drivers use the DRA as specified within the Rule Book, although a number of causes contributing to error and violation were identified. The study, undertaken by QinetiQ, explored the human factors, reliability problems, and operational issues that relate to the DRA. A number of strategies to standardise use of the DRA were proposed, including enhancements to communication, training, monitoring, and evaluation processes. Potential improvements in the design of the DRA and ideas for future generation systems were also identified.