Habitat loss and fragmentation due to transport infrastructure is recognised as a growing problem in northern European countries. Until recently, environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Sweden focused mainly on rather small-scaled, local effects. To achieve a sustainable development in land use, however, ecological impacts of road and railway construction must also be considered on a landscape scale. There is urgent need to develop appropriate methodology to consider landscape ecological effects of roads and traffic at all decision levels of the infrastructure planning process. For this purpose, we need - a better understanding of how road networks influence natural processes and dynamics in the landscape; - methodologies for the prediction and evaluation of effects; and - concepts for measures to prevent, mitigate, or compensate for impacts on nature.