As a result of the surveys above, the following conclusions were reached. Falling accidents frequently occur at night in the entertainment district during winter. It is not only the icy surface and snowfall that are responsible for accidents, but so is the intoxication of pedestrians. Falling accidents often take place during daytime in districts where commercial establishments concentrate. Shopping districts are considered to account for a major share of pedestrian falls. Many falling accidents occur at the transition between pedestrian crossing and ice-covered sidewalk, as well as on black-ice-covered pedestrian crossings. When pedestrians walk on the icy surface, their walking speed and way of walking are considerably changed by an increase in the cross slope. When the combined gradient is approximately 8 to 9 per cent and the transverse gradient exceeds the grade, the likelihood of difficult walking conditions increases to a particularly great degree for pedestrians. Risk by age is not clearly reflected in the survey results. The survey results concerning the risk by sex suggest that likelihood of falling accident is greater for men than for women. In view of these results, the following proposals, including making the intersection and its vicinity "barrier-free" during winter, are made to advance improvement of the winter walking environment. The video survey results confirmed that many falling accidents occur on transition areas between the sidewalk and the pedestrian crossing at intersections. In many of such areas, the slopes are steep and uneven, and a high degree of steepness results from differences in the level of snow removal on the sidewalk and the pedestrian crossing. When the combined gradient equals or exceeds 8 per cent, which is a value experimentally determined to be dangerous, the dangerous effect of the cross slope of the transition area is assumed to be much greater than the grade. A possible countermeasure is to change the intersection structure to remove uneven spots on the surface and reduce the combined gradient of transition to 9 per cent or below. The cross slope, in particular, should be decreased as much as possible. If structural change is not feasible due to land use restrictions, installation of snow-melting facilities, such as road heating, needs to be examined. Falling also takes place frequently on black-ice-covered surfaces of the pedestrian crossing. Even when the level of snow removal is higher than that of the sidewalk and measures are taken for the surface, pedestrians often fall at spots with low coefficients of friction. In such cases, extensive road surface management of carriageways (application of anti-freezing agents) is most important. However, snow-melting facilities, freezing-prevention pavement, or other measures must be studied for pedestrian crossings where slippery road surfaces frequently form by large traffic volume and shade of buildings. The falling risk is largely irrespective of age. The risk is higher for men than for women, but the likelihood of serious injury is higher for women. It is therefore necessary to take measures to prevent all types of pedestrians from falling. However, municipalities in cold, snowy regions devote a large portion of their budgets to winter road surface management, so budgets are limited for facility- and equipment-based measures to improve the walking environment. Selection and implementation of such measures must therefore address all relevant aspects, such as land use, pedestrian volume, the number of traffic accidents, and construction, maintenance, and management costs. Improvement of non-equipment and non-facility aspects also is imperative. For example, pedestrians themselves should take measures to prevent falling by changing their way of walking and transportation means depending on their physical ability.