Based on the study, it can be concluded that the opinions of road users well reflect the conditions on pedestrian and bicycle routes. Those maintaining the roads frequently understate users' opinions, saying that they are unfounded. Although this may be the case in isolated cases, when the opinions of a large group of people are solicited, the results closely parallel those of technical experts. In interviews, pedestrians and cyclists continue to hope for improvements in the control of slippery conditions and in snow clearance. In the summer interviews, in addition to improvements in winter maintenance the respondents hoped for improvements in the evenness of surfaces, cleaner conditions, and more pedestrian and bicycle routes. A more difficult problem connected with the maintenance of pedestrian and bicycle routes during the summer period according to the study was the continuity of repairs to individual broken patches. There are still too many broken patches in pedestrian and bicycle routes. In the winter period the continuity of the control of slippery conditions must be improved in all three of the city areas, as also the clearing of snow falling during the daytime. The timing of the work is also extremely difficult among the different parties involved. Particularly in regard to the pavements in the city centres this is an obvious problem that needs resolving, if walking is to be promoted. Most cases of falls or slipping occur on the pavements of the city centres. To ensure safer mobility the busier pavements should be maintained at regular intervals to prevent them becoming slippery due to scuffing by pedestrians. Winter maintenance should be stepped up in the city centres and in areas where old people live and move about. An appreciable proportion of falls during the winter period occur on so-called "peak days" when the weather conditions acutely affect the conditions for movement. By improving the predictability of bad weather conditions and concentrating maintenance activities on such days it would be possible to considerably reduce the number of falls (precision maintenance). Developing areal contracting is seen as one solution to faster and more even quality pedestrian and bicycle route maintenance in the city centre areas. Knowledge about pedestrian and cycle traffic is still virtually non-existent. The actual numbers of users, especially in winter, are unknown. Again, there is no data on division by gender for the different trip categories (work, school, shopping and personal business, leisure time, physical exercise). Currently, only estimates are available on the costs of maintaining pedestrian and bicycle routes. According to the study, the costs of maintaining pedestrian and bicycle routes come to less than 10 per cent of the annual costs of falls and slipping. The winter maintenance classification for pedestrian and bicycle routes favours routes running through the main streets. As a consequence of this, routes lower down the street hierarchy may remain in bad condition for long periods, despite their not failing to meet the set quality objectives. The present maintenance practice does not take into account the requirements associated with different areas and population groups as, for instance, steep terrain or residential areas popular with senior citizens. No clear relationship exists between the condition and evenness of an unfrozen road surface and the number of cases of falls. Pedestrians move about within the constraints set by the conditions and walk more carefully on a surface that is in poor condition. With cyclists the number of falls, on the other hand, is correlated with the condition of the road surface; an even surface in good condition reduces the number of falls. Motorists are warned on local radio on the basis of information supplied by Finnra's road weather service. In addition to motorists, warnings could also be given to pedestrians and cyclists The precise recording of single cases of falls by pedestrians and cyclists, together with GIS data, would provide an opportunity to keep longer term records, and especially to monitor the most serious accidents. In Sweden, traffic accidents, as also single accidents involving pedestrians and/or cyclists, are already recorded in some towns and cities and this practice is spreading to cover the entire country. Through cooperation with, and product development among, shoe and boot manufacturers and importers adequate friction characteristics should be standardised for footwear and the latter marked with an appropriate label. To prevent pedestrians suffering falls, high level winter maintenance is essential, even though cases of slipping cannot be completely avoided. On icy and ungritted pedestrian and bicycle routes more injuries are sustained by pedestrians due to slipping than on icy and gritted routes. Maintenance at times when weather and road conditions are changing must continue to be improved. (A). For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E212110.