A laboratory study evaluated the uniaxial penetration test for its suitability to characterize the shear resistance of hot-mix asphalt mixtures at elevated temperatures. Four types of mixtures with three different binders and three different coarse aggregates were tested by the uniaxial penetration test at 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. In addition, triaxial compression tests were conducted for selected mixtures to compare the uniaxial shear resistance with the shear strength. The results of the current investigation indicated that the uniaxial penetration test was able to provide consistent results for the mixtures selected. Further studies were recommended for the uniaxial penetration test to be incorporated into mixture design as a simple performance test.