The production of transportation fuels from renewable primary energy sources requires ongoing support if it is to reach commercial maturity. Worldwide, the most common types of support are politically derived ‘policy instruments’. A variety of such instruments have been and are applied in differing contexts in different parts of the world; in this project we describe and dissect policy in-struments that have been used in Brazil, the EU (with prime focus on Germany), and the US. As the political economy of biofuels these jurisdictions has evolved over past decades, and policy in-terventions have also changed, the analysis focuses on key points of change or major market in-flections. Emphasis was placed on the following aspects of enquiry in particular: - underlying motivations for policy interventions, how were they formulated, and how out-comes align with the initial objectives; - how instruments supported the biofuels sector(s) in the short and longer terms; - lessons of relevance to the promotion of renewable biofuels in Sweden. This work is to contribute to the formulation of more efficient policy instruments in Sweden that better account for dynamic issues tied to feedstock, climate, technological and industrial development, infrastructure, regulations, and long-term political intent. It departs with a view that although production, infrastructure, and markets for biofuels in Sweden are of significant scale, they are still in an early stage of their development potential – and that biofuels policy must reflect this.