Effective transport solutions for goods and people are crucial for the economic development of a region or city. In major cities worldwide there is a lack of capacity in the road and rail network resulting in high costs, only in Stockholm the cost of the overall shortcomings of commuting has been estimated to 6.3 billion SEK annually. The current trend is further increased congestions in major existing commuting routes (roads, rail networks and metro networks). In coastal cities like Stockholm, Gothenburg or Copenhagen however, there are inland waterways that would enable shorter and faster commuting routes if efficient land-sea based transportation systems are implemented. In addition the waterway constitutes an opportunity to create new city space, add transport capacity, offer new communication paths, change the transport flow and level off the pressure on the present transport system. The waterways and parts of the road network are existing infrastructure resources that may be used to contribute to more sustainable travel patterns, reduce congestion on main commuting corridors, increase capacity and the traffic system's resilience through new travel relationships, travel patterns and synergies with bicycle and city logistics. The aim of this work is to identify the most relevant research topics and key performance parameters for personal transport and city logistics systems on the waterways in urban environments for year-round service. The long-term goal is to identify transport systems and technical solutions for the waterways that can be scaled and adapted to urban environments around the world and that complement the land-based transport systems in order to achieve an over-all sustainable urban mobility. This work focuses on a systems engineering perspective and includes identification of system boundaries and interfaces to other public transport, infrastructure nodes, system service and maintenance and measurement of sustainability and service improvement targets. The aim is to develop a base for a system that can be scaled and adapted to urban environments around the world - like how road or rail-based mass transit systems today are built up from more or less standard units, not to design a public transport solution for a specific city, route or line. The focus is on realistic solutions that are both achievable from a cost perspective and attractive to passengers during 365 days a year. New concepts, ranging from small single person commuters up to large public transport systems, are to be explored and evaluated and key technical challenges identified and targeted. The research initiative Waterway 365 was initiated by The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and Vattenbussen AB with support from the Swedish Maritime Administration (Proj. no: 15041-0).